HUKUM PERDATA

Dalam tradisi hukum di daratan Eropa (civil law) dikenal pembagian hukum menjadi dua yakni hukum publik dan hukum privat atau hukum perdata. Hukum Perdata adalah ketentuan yang mengatur hak-hak dan kepentingan antara individu dalam masyarakat. Hukum perdata juga disebut sebagai hukum privat atau hukum sipil dan dapat digolongkan menjadi beberapa bagian, seperti misalnya hukum keluarga, hukum harta kekayaan, hukum benda, hukum perikatan dan hukum waris.

1.      Sejarah Hukum Perdata

Hukum perdata Belanda berasal dari hukum perdata Perancis yaitu yang disusun berdasarkan hukum Romawi 'Corpus Juris Civilis'yang pada waktu itu dianggap sebagai hukum yang paling sempurna. Hukum Privat yang berlaku di Perancis dimuat dalam dua kodifikasi yang disebut (hukum perdata) dan Code de Commerce (hukum dagang). Sewaktu Perancis menguasai Belanda (1806-1813), kedua kodifikasi itu diberlakukan di negeri Belanda yang masih dipergunakan terus hingga 24 tahun sesudah kemerdekaan Belanda dari Perancis (1813).

Pada Tahun 1814 Belanda mulai menyusun Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (Sipil) atau KUHS Negeri Belanda, berdasarkan kodifikasi hukum Belanda yang dibuat oleh J.M. Kemper disebut Ontwerp Kemper. Namun, sayangnya Kemper meninggal dunia pada 1824 sebelum menyelesaikan tugasnya dan dilanjutkan oleh Nicolai yang menjabat sebagai Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Belgia.

Keinginan Belanda tersebut terealisasi pada tanggal 6 Juli 1880 dengan pembentukan dua kodifikasi yang baru diberlakukan pada tanggal 1 Oktober 1838 oleh karena telah terjadi pemberontakan di Belgia yaitu :

a.       BW (atau Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata-Belanda).

b.      WvK [atau yang dikenal dengan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang]

Menurut J. Van Kan, kodifikasi BW merupakan terjemahan dari Code Civil hasil jiplakan yang disalin dari bahasa Perancis ke dalam bahasa nasional Belanda.

2.      Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUH Perdata)

Yang dimaksud dengan hukum perdata Indonesia adalah hukum perdata yang berlaku bagi seluruh Wilayah di Indonesia. Hukum perdata yang berlaku di Indonesia adalah hukum perdata barat (Belanda) yang pada awalnya berinduk pada Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata yang aslinya berbahasa Belanda atau dikenal dengan Burgerlijk Wetboek dan biasa disingkat dengan BW. Sebagian materi BW sudah dicabut berlakunya dan sudah diganti dengan Undang-Undang RI, misalnya mengenai UU Perkawinan, UU Hak Tanggungan, dan UU Kepailitan.

Kodifikasi KUH Perdata Indonesia diumumkan pada tanggal 30 April 1847 melalui Staatsblad No. 23 dan berlaku Januari 1848. Setelah Indonesia Merdeka, berdasarkan aturan Pasal 2 aturan peralihan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, KUH Perdata Hindia Belanda tetap dinyatakan berlaku sebelum digantikan dengan Undang-Undang baru berdasarkan Undang–Undang Dasar ini. BW Hindia Belanda merupakan induk hukum perdata Indonesia.

KUH Perdata terdiri atas empat 4 bagian, yaitu:

a.          Buku 1 tentang Orang / Van Personnenrecht

b.         Buku 2 tentang Benda

c.          Buku 3 tentang Perikatan / Verbintenessenrecht

d.         Buku 4 tentang Daluwarsa dan Pembuktian / Verjaring en Bewijs

3.      Contoh Hukum Perdata

a.       Contoh Hukum Perdata Warisan

Seorang ayah yang ingin mewariskan harta bendanya ketika kelak ia meninggal tentunya akan menuliskan sebuah surat wasiat. Namun ketika seorang ayah tersebut telah meninggal, dimana kemudian terjadi selisih paham antara anak-anaknya dan berujung kepada pelaporan salah seorang anak kepada pihak yang berwenang tentang perselisihan yang terjadi, maka kasus tersebut juga termasuk salah satu contoh kasus hukum perdata.

b.      Contoh Hukum Perdata Perceraian

Bila terjadi suatu masalah didalam suatu rumah tangga yang tidak menemukan solusi atau jalan keluar, maka sebagai jalan keluar alternatif yang diambil adalah perceraian. Suatu perceraian tersebut mungkin menjadi jalan satu-satunya yang dapat ditempuh untuk mengakhiri permasalahan yang terjadi didalam rumah tangga tersebut. Kasus perceraian ini merupakan salah satu contoh yang masuk dalam kategori hukum perdata.

c.       Contoh Kasus Perdata Pencemaran Nama Baik

Seorang artis merasa terhina atas pemberitaan sebuah media massa. Gosip tersebut telah digosipkan oleh media menjadi seorang pengedar dan pemakai psikotropika. Karena tidak terima dengan pemberitaan tersebut, maka sang artis melaporkan media massa tersebut ke polisi atas tuduhan telah melakukan pencemaran nama baik dan perbuatan tidak menyenangkan. Kasus antara artis dan media massa tersebut juga termasuk menjadi salah satu contoh kasus hukum perdata.

SHOULD GOVERNMENT SPEND MORE MONEY ON IMPROVING ROAD AND IMPROVING PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION (BUS, TRAINS, SUBWAY)?

Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should governments spend more money on public transportation? Some hold the view that governments should spend more money to improve on road and highways because they firmly believe that the policy will save a lot of time for people who have cars and that one of the cause of global warming and destroying nature is them. Other say Transportation is one of the major fields that governments need to invest and to get economy better. It is a hard decision to governments when they have only limited money to allocate. After pondering it from several aspects, personally, I think governments should spend money on public transportation.

First of all, I believe that improving roads and developing highways around the city actually expands the city space and many cars and vehicles can make a detour to avoid the heavy traffic within the city in the rush hours. But, in some senses, it is more important than the former. Public transportation if improving, it will surely decrease traffic jams. It is efficient, when used in a country with high population density, such as Indonesia. When every family occupied its own cars, you can imagine what a jams roads will be. As we know, the public transportation, such as bus, trains and subways, have a great capability and the most important form of transportation in the city. By public transportation system, people can reach any place easily. So it is very important to improve the public transportation, which allow the urban infrastructure run effectively and the decrease of private vehicles is an effective way to solve this problem. On the other hand, improving roads and highway is also helpful to solve the problem. However, if the public transportation is not improved, the dramatically increasing in private cars will comprise the advantage of more roads and highways.

Secondly, developed the public transportation provide a great number of ways for poor people who can not buy a car. Public transportation is that developing it saves money and is more efficient. Compared with the expenditure on improving roads and highways, developing public transportation needs less money. While the city grows bigger and bigger today, a well developed public transportation system helps people save the time that they spend on way. However, improving the public transportation can help the majority. On the other hand, for example, if give money to improve the road and highway, there will be more cars and can definitely cause the traffic jam. I believe that increasing the number of roads and highway force us to destroy our beautiful nature because of their character of needing broad place. So, they are not helpful to us at all.

The third, Improving public transportation provides more convenience in transportation and, in turn, facilities cutting the number of private transportation vehicles, so will produce less pollution. When more people are attracted to the public transportation, provided it is better than it is today due to enough funds, It is well know that the gas emitted from the cars is the major reason to cause acid rain and green-house effect, which threat our normal life more and more. Protecting the environment is one important role for governments.

In conclusion, improving public transportation is the better way to effectively solve the problems of pollution and traffic jam, also increasing the economy of the city and improve living qualities of people of the city than improving roads and highways. People all over the world can have the idea of advancing economic growth with maintaining our nature. For realizing it, governments should spend more money on making the stream of public transportation fast as soon as possible. Spending money on public transportation to improve the bus, train and subway not only can decrease the traffic jam but also can give more way of transportation to poor.

A foreign visitor has only day to spend in your country, where should this visitor go on that day?

A foreign visitor has only day to spend in your country, where should this visitor go on that day? Why? Use specific reason and example to support your choice.

As we know, Indonesia is an archipelagic nation, the State was still thick with the culture, and of course has abundant natural resources everywhere. Many tourists from their own country who enjoy the natural resources in Indonesia, even foreign visitors come to enjoy the natural wealth in Indonesia. Foreign visitors are very frequently visited Indonesia as a tourist spot, from marine tourism, mountains and others.

Different foreign visitors, is also different favorite. If I have the opportunity as a foreign visitor guide only day to spend in my country, the first thing I did was to classify the country of origin of foreign visitors. Secondly, look for information about preferences, habits and needs a foreign visitor. The third, to determine a suitable place as a tourist destination.

if A foreign visitor has only day to spend in my country, of course the first thing I did classify the State of origin A foreign visitor, we suppose America. A foreign visitor origin America loved adventure, loved the natural and unique. After learning that, the place that I chose was Raja Ampat.

Raja Ampat is the region with the richest natural resources in the world's tropics, Raja Ampat is an archipelago, there were approximately 35 islands are inhabited. Many say that the Raja Ampat marine tourism is the best place in the world. In addition to presenting an incredible natural scenery, access to Raja Ampat fairly easy enough. In Raja Ampat there are many beach resorts serving exotic scenery. Raja Ampat is famous for its diving, spectacular underwater scenery can be enjoyed by diving. We can also use the speedboat sailing and enjoying the natural beauty of the islands of Raja Ampat.

by inviting a foreign visitor to Raja Ampat, a foreign visitor can enjoy the extraordinary  beauty of marine they are not found in america. A foreign visitor on his return to his home country, I believe that a foreign visitor who does not have the experience they will never forget.